A Brief History of the Hybrid Vehicle Essay

First inherent the mid 1900s by creators dabbling with blends of the electric engine and the gas motor, half and half vehicles were dropped when gas filled vehicles turned out to be progressively dependable and simpler to begin, and gas fuel all the more promptly accessible. Innovative work of half breed vehicles was restored by worry about oil reliance in the1970s and about air contamination in the late 1980s. Various half breed vehicles have been manufactured and tried since 1980. A portion of these vehicles have dazzled experts with their exhibition and low degrees of fumes and oil utilization. Enthusiasm for crossover vehicles bounced in late 1993 with the declaration of financing for two significant coordinated efforts. The US Department of Energy marked a five-year, $138 million improvement concurrence with General Motors and a $122 million concurrence with Ford to plan and construct preproduction cross breed models that could be promoted in under 10 years. [1] All these were done on the grounds that cross breed electric vehicles are relied upon to be the eventual fate of vehicles around the world. Definition One believes a vehicle to be a crossover when it consolidates at least two wellsprings of intensity. For instance, a mo-ped (a mechanized pedal bicycle) is a half and half since it joins the intensity of a gas motor with the pedal intensity of its rider. So also, the gas electric half breed vehicle is a blend of both an electric vehicle and a fuel controlled one. That is, it utilizes both power and fuel to give the vitality to turn the wheels of the vehicle. Figure 1 shows a gas-fueled vehicle. [2] Components Of A Gasoline Powered Car The 4-chamber motor believers fuel into movement with the goal that the vehicle can move. The most effortless way it does this is to consume the gas inside the motor. In this manner is goes about as an inward ignition motor I. e. ignition happens inside. Gas controlled motors normally have more than 100 drive and work at speeds up to 8000 RPM. The fuel tank stores and supplies gas to the motor. It can normally store enough fuel to give the motor vitality equipped for moving the vehicle through a separation of 300 miles or more. Figure 2 underneath shows an electric vehicle, which has a lot of batteries that gives power to an electric engine. The engine turns a transmission, and the transmission turns the wheels. [3] Parts Of An Electric Car The batteries store and give vitality to the electric engine in an electric vehicle similarly as the fuel tank accomplishes for the motor in a gas controlled vehicle. It as a rule gives the vehicle a scope of 50 †100 miles which is considerably less than that commonly gave by a fuel tank (300 miles). The electric engine is the gadget that gives movement in an electric vehicle. It changes over the vitality it gets from the batteries into movement which is utilized to turn a transmission which at that point thus pivots the wheels. It can turn up to 15000 RPM and has up to 100 kW of intensity. Since this movement is associated with the transmission, the transmission likewise turns the wheel up to this rate. Therefore, electric vehicles would will in general move quicker than fuel controlled vehicles. Parts Common To Both The Electric Car And The Gasoline Powered Car The transmission is the gadget that does the genuine turning of the wheel in the two vehicles. There are a few different ways of consolidating the two wellsprings of intensity found in a half and half vehicle. The Parallel Hybrid Car: This has a fuel tank which supplies gas to the motor. Moreover, it has a lot of batteries that provisions capacity to an electric engine. Both the motor and the motor engine can turn the transmission simultaneously and the transmission at that point turns the wheels. Figure 3 shows a common equal crossover. The fuel tank and gas motor associate with the transmission. The batteries and electric engine additionally associate with the transmission autonomously. Subsequently, in an equal half and half, both the electric engine and the gas motor can give impetus power. The Series Hybrid Car: The fuel motor in this vehicle turns a generator and the generator can either charge the batteries or force an electric engine that drives the transmission. In this way the fuel motor never legitimately controls the vehicle. The entirety of the parts structure a line that in the end associates with the transmission. [4] Hybrid Components Gasoline motor †The half breed vehicle has a gas motor a lot of like the one you will discover on most vehicles. Nonetheless, the motor on a half and half is littler and utilizes cutting edge innovations to lessen emanations and increment proficiency. The motor turns the generator. It can't control the vehicle legitimately. Fuel tank †The fuel tank in a half breed is the vitality stockpiling gadget for the gas motor. Gas has an a lot higher vitality thickness than batteries do. For instance, it takes around 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much vitality as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gas. Electric engine †The electric engine on a half breed vehicle is extremely complex. Propelled gadgets permit it to go about as an engine just as a generator. For instance, when it needs to, it can draw vitality from the batteries to quicken the vehicle. In any case, going about as a generator, it can back the vehicle off and return vitality to the batteries. Generator †The generator is like an electric engine, yet it acts just to create electrical force. It is utilized generally on arrangement mixtures. It is the place the gas engine’s power gets changed over to electrical capacity to drive the engine or charge the batteries. Batteries †The batteries in a half breed vehicle are the vitality stockpiling gadget for the electric engine. Dissimilar to the gas in the fuel tank, which can just power the gas motor, the electric engine on a half and half vehicle can place vitality into the batteries just as draw vitality from them. They can store vitality recouped from slowing down or produced by the engine. Transmission †The transmission on a half and half vehicle plays out a similar fundamental capacity as the transmission on an ordinary vehicle for example turns the wheels. The engine can turn sufficiently quick with the goal that the transmission needs just one rigging. A few mixtures, similar to the Honda Insight, have customary transmissions. Others, similar to the Toyota Prius, have fundamentally various ones like the CVT. CVT represents Continuously Variable Transmission. It is utilized to differ the transmission proportion in vehicles persistently. The way CVT works relies upon the sort: Friction CVTs shift the sweep of the contact point between two pivoting objects, in this manner the digressive speed; Hydrostatic CVTs change the liquid stream with variable dislodging siphons into hydrostatic engines; Ratcheting CVTs differ the stroke of a responding movement, which is associated with a free-wheel, coming about unidirectional revolution. Picture graciousness DaimlerChrysler The Mercedes-Benz M-Class HYPER †a mixture idea vehicle[5] Purposes behind The Introduction Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles To lessen tailpipe discharges: Gasoline vehicles are a significant wellspring of these outflows. Numerous endeavors are being made by a few associations to diminish the ozone harming substance discharges from vehicles through the improvement of cross breed electric vehicles. For instance, Nutley, NJ-based Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. (Roche), the U. S. physician endorsed sedate unit of the Roche Group, as of late reported designs to coordinate Toyota Prius and Ford Escape cross breed electric vehicles into its pharmaceutical deals armada with an end goal to help accomplish the company’s objective of diminishing ozone depleting substance outflows by 10 percent throughout the following five years. [6] To improve mileage: Automakers in the US have to meet Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) gauges as legally necessary. At present, every single new vehicle sold ought to be 27. 5mpg (8. 55 liters for each 100km). [7] To defeat the weaknesses of an electric vehicle: Electric vehicles have a short charge. They came up short on the range (vitality thickness of electric-vehicle batteries floated around 70 to 100 watt-hours per kilogram, which car engineers called unsuitable) and the fast energize time the car business said it required. A model is found for the situation where GM presented the EV1 in 1996. It had a top speed of 183 MPH, quicker than some other creation vehicle out. It had a limiter that would not let it get over 85 MPH, in light of the fact that to drive the vehicle at 183 MPH would exhaust the batteries of their charge inside 10 minutes. [8] Energy Consumption: Hybrid Electric Vehicles devour less vitality than Internal-Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. [9] Why Are Hybrid Electric Vehicles A Better Choice? A significant part of mixture electric vehicles is that they utilize littler motors. There are numerous points of interest to this: Big motors are heavier than littler ones so the vehicle utilizes more vitality whenever it quickens or drives up a slope. The removal of the chambers is bigger so every chamber requires a more noteworthy volume of fuel. Greater motors for the most part have more chambers, and every chamber utilizes fuel each time the motor flames, regardless of whether the vehicle isn’t moving. These are the reasons there is a distinction in the mileage of two vehicles of a similar model with various motors. On the off chance that the two vehicles are driving along the road at a similar speed, the one with the littler motor uses less vitality. The two motors need to yield a similar measure of capacity to drive the vehicle, yet the little motor uses less capacity to drive itself. In a cross breed vehicle, the gas motor can be a lot littler than the one of every a regular vehicle and accordingly can be progressively productive. The motor in the half and half vehicle is sufficiently amazing to move the vehicle along on the expressway, however when it needs to get the vehicle going in a rush, or go up a precarious slope, it needs assistance. That â€Å"help† originates from the electric engine and battery †this framework steps in to give the vital additional force. The gas motor on an ordinary vehicle is measured for the pinnacle power prerequisite (those couple of times when you floor the quickening agent pedal). Truth be told, most drivers utilize the pinnacle intensity of their motors short of what one percent of the time. The cross breed vehicle utilizes an a lot littler motor, one that is estimated nearer to t

Effects of sexual media essays

Impacts of sexual media articles So as to dissect the impacts the sexual media has on an individual, one must comprehend social psychological hypothesis, development hypothesis, and preparing hypothesis. These hypotheses give the individuals who endeavor to consider the sexual media, the apparatuses expected to reveal the manners by which the sexual media influences our conduct, convictions, mentalities and feelings. In taking a gander at these hypotheses, one must consider the kind of impact the hypothesis is worried about, the procedure that prompts these impacts, and the highlights of the sexual media that improves these impacts. The social psychological hypothesis, which comes from the observational learning hypothesis, is worried about clarifying conduct. All the more explicitly, regarding the sexual media, this hypothesis traces the means by which an individual models their own conduct after the sexual media they are presented to. For instance, the quantity of sexual accomplices and individual decides to have, the age at which they choose to engage in sexual relations, or whether one decides to rehearse safe sex are on the whole practices that might be learned or changed through sexual media presentation. There are four stages in the observational learning-consideration, maintenance, creation, and inspiration. On the off chance that one can complete every one of the four stages this will prompt coordinating the conduct displayed in the sexual media. The social psychological view on observational learning, is increasingly worried about the procedure engaged with the authentic direction of activity than with the specific medium by which reaction data is passed on. The hypothesis tries to clarify how or why the subjective procedures in our brain take portrayals of conduct in the sexual media and convert them into conduct. Learning happens when an individual is presented to displayed occasions before any reactions have been preformed and doesn't really require characteristic prize. Not all conduct that an individual is presented to is fundamentally demonstrated. The particular conduct m... <!

Thesis Statement and Argumentative Essay Template

Thesis Statement and Argumentative Essay TemplateThesis statement and argumentative essay are very difficult to create and we need to consider a lot of factors in order to create the best one possible. In this article I will introduce you to the basics of how we can use a thesis statement and argumentative essay template. I will also be showing you some other more important things that you have to know before creating your own essay.Thesis Statement is the last part of the writing process for a thesis. It is the backbone of the whole argumentation. When writing an argumentative essay, the thesis statement should be complete, well organized and never to include a paragraph without facts, figures or facts with figures. It should be the last thing that you do before you turn to the main body of the argument.Thesis Statement should never make the style too dry. It is considered as dry if it has a lack of emotions and human feel. Human feel comes from emotions. So avoid using excessive em otion while writing the thesis statement. The thesis statement should be able to highlight your strengths and your weaknesses as a writer.An argumentative essay is a written work on a subject that has been explored by the essayist. When creating an argumentative essay, the subject matter is the real part that sets the standards of the essay. The argument must be based on facts and therefore should be presented in a way that makes sense. Because there is no proof that the world exists or not, many people believe that it is the world that gives us facts about our world. In order to present the argument in a logical manner, it is important that you know the history of your topic.When making a good argument, you must use facts, figures and facts. There are many types of research that can be used in an argument. Statistics, surveys, stories and so on are all examples of research that you can use. For best results, always do your own research and always make sure that you have the time to do your own research.Once you have organized your research, you should also consider different techniques to make your argument stand out. Writing with great paragraphs that have great words can help to make your arguments more important and convincing. When people read your arguments, they should read it carefully and try to remember the points that you made.The thesis statement and argumentative essays are very important for the success of a research paper, it should never be neglected. Always remember that you must take care of both. If you think that you can write the thesis statement and then start the argument after you finish writing the thesis, think again.Research is an important part of any work, but it is only important if it is done properly. Both the thesis statement and the argumentative essay should be well-organized, so that they do not turn into the typical, boring, argumentative essays.

The Recent History Of The Additional Rate Of Income Tax

Overview: The Recent History of the Additional Rate of Income Tax It is important to note, from the onset, that income tax remains the government’s largest revenue source – effectively raking in an average of 30 percent of the total tax collected. In essence, every individual has what is referred to as personal allowance on income tax, whereby every tax year, all incomes that do not exceed the set allowance are not taxed. All other income is subject to the various tax rates captured in several bands. In the year 2009 budget, it was announced that beginning April 2010, individuals raking in incomes exceeding  £150,000 would be subject to a new 50% tax rate (HM Revenue Customs, 2014). The previous rate, prior to the introduction of the top rate by the Labor government had been 45p. However, the incoming government reduced the top rate to 45p – a change that took effect from 2013 April. It is important to note that all incomes that do not exceed  £32,000 are, at the moment, subject to a basic tax rate of 20%. For those raking in more than  £32,011 (with a ceiling of  £150,000), a higher rate applies. According to the proposal to restore the 50% additional rate of income tax, 50% of incomes exceeding  £150,000 (which are at present taxed at the rate of 45%) ought to be handed over to Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC) as tax. The person fronting the said proposal is Ed Balls, a Labor Party politician. Should the 50% Additional Rate of Income Tax Rate beShow MoreRelatedShould The Uk Government Restore The 50 % Additional Rate Of Income Tax? Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesRestore the 50% Additional Rate of Income Tax? The United Kingdom has developed to become one the highest taxed nations across the globe despite impaired competitiveness and stifled economic growth. Unlike most OECD countries that have lessened their tax burdens since 1997, UK taxation has increased, which has resulted in reduced competitiveness of the country’s position as a low tax regime. The other characteristics of UK taxation include forcing taxpayers into higher rate tax bands, which enforcesRead MoreEssay On The Corporate Tax1432 Words   |  6 PagesWas the Corporate Tax Cut Necessary? The recent passage of tax reform by the US Senate raises the spectre of the statutory corporate tax rate falling to 20% from 35%. Republicans justify the measure by claiming that the statutory rate is too high and, furthermore, they assert that lowering its level will induce US corporations to feel less inclined to use overseas tax shelters. The reality is, however, that corporations seldom pay the statutory rate. 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The candidates for this upcoming election are as follows: democrat party, current President Barack Obama (president) and Joe Biden (vice); republican party, Mitt Romney (president) and Paul Ryan (vice president); independent/ 3rd party candidates are Virgil Goode, Gary Johnson, and Jill Stein. As the final hours of the most anticipated electionRead MoreLucent Technologies Deferred Taxation1610 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary This memorandum is intended to communicate the deferred tax issues of Lucent Technologies Inc. on the basis of analysis of the veracity of the situation according to the reporting framework’s guidelines to anticipate unfavorable implications that had been resulted due to poor performance of the company over the past years. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is the recognized body for making pronouncements as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAPs) in theRead MoreSummary. 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The United States and the Beginning of the Cold War

The United States and the Beginning of the Cold War a) There were three cracks evident between the US-Soviet relationship. America and Russia argued about the opening of a second front against Germany. Stalin’s plans where that America and Britain invade western Europe so the Russian Red Army gets stronger and pressure on them is relieved. Roosevelt promised a second front by the time of 1942, but the delay of plans for an Anglo-American invasion of German-occupied France angered Stalin because his plans to make his Army Stronger are not going to be easily fulfilled since the western countries would still be powerful. The invasion of France was delayed until D-Day which angered Stalin. Instead,†¦show more content†¦e) The â€Å"one world† policy contradicts the â€Å"sphere of influence† policy. Russians hat the plans for the â€Å"sphere of influence† and the Americans the â€Å"one world† policy which both contrast. Roosevelt had an clear idea of peace. His most important post war aim was to accomplish the creation of the peace keeping organisation, the United Nations. His opinion was that there should be no spheres of influence, which contradicts Stalin’s post war aims. The Sphere of influence was basically a group of states under the indirect control of outside power. For example, Russia wanted Poland, Romania and Bulgaria to be Russia’s sphere of influence to protect Russia from invasions and attacks. On the contrary, Roosevelt felt that every country had the right for self determination, which is to decide for themselves how they should be governed. But Stalin was for the â€Å"sphere of influence†, since he wanted something like a security cordon against German expansion. His ideas were communist and Roosevelt’s where democratic. The Breakdown of the US-Soviet Alliance, 1945: Key Issues ========================================================= f) In 1943, the Soviet Union ended its relationships with Poland after Poland criticised Stalin. Later, Stalin exploited the Red Army’s occupation of Poland in 1944 to set up a pro-Soviet governmentShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War During World War II Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a clash of culture, ideologies, and a standoff between the world s two greatest nuclear powers. The argument of the American side was based around Capitalism and a hunger for ever growing business while the Soviet Union’s was structured around Communism and it’s powerful theocracy that stated it must be spread to every country on the planet. 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The research paper mainly focused on various reasons of opposition of two great power of the world Soviets and United States of AmericaRead MoreShould the US Have Been in Vietnam?645 Words   |  3 Pages#A2099026) For many in the United States Vietnam is a term which conjures up visions of war, anarchy, and finally defeat and humiliation. It was a war that many felt the U.S. should never have gotten involved in, and was a waste of more than 50,000 American lives. And for many years after the war ended the prevailing wisdom remained that the U.S. had failed. 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The evolvement of the Cold War began during and after World War I, although the official beginning of the Cold War was in 1945, at the Yalta Conference after World War II. There were many causes of the Cold War, but can be summed up as a battle between capitalism and communism. Also, along with PresidentRead MoreCold War And The Soviet Union859 Words   |  4 PagesDige Li AMS2270 Cold War This essay will discuss about cold war, including the background, beginning, progress and ending. As we know, cold war is a struggle between U.S. with NATO and Soviet Union with WTO from 1947 to 1991. It is a significant event in history, and it influence the almost all of world, it directly lead to the radical change of eastern Europe and the breakup of the USSR. 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The war ultimately resulted in the collapse of communism. The war was supported by allied nations although the main instigators of the war were Russia and the United States. A major short term factor that lead to the Cold War was USSR’s fear of America’s newly acquired

Thomas Aquinas vs. Descarates Essays - 673 Words

THOMAS AQUINA’S V. DESCARATES Meditation III Several hundred years ago, two great philosophers Thomas Aquinas’s and Rene Descartes used the method of ontological argument for the existence of God and used intuition and reason alone to get to each other’s theory. Rene Descartes wrote out several mediations, but the one we’re going to touch base on is meditation III that he wrote in the 1600’s; While Thomas Aquinas’s wrote his five proofs of God in 1270 that specifies God’s existence in each proof; the one that gives the best argument is the existence of God in his III proof. While both philosophers provide great information about their reason about God, Thomas Aquinas’s and Rene Descartes both attempt to prove the existence of God, but†¦show more content†¦Than there has to be something that already existed to make everything exist and for that to happen that had to be someone, so that is God. Aquinas also pointed one in one of his earlier proofs of the First Mover. Aquinas says that anything moved is moved by another, so there must be a first mover (a mover that is not itself moved by another) and that first mover is God. Both of the philosophers used great methods to come to their conclusion about how god came into existence. They both used different thinking methods to get to their well respected arguments but did come to the conclusion that God does â€Å"exist†. I believe the key difference about the two philosophers was the time difference between the philosophers, Thomas Aquinas wrote his proofs in the medieval ages around the 1200’s while ( with no disrespect) Rene Descartes wrote his meditation in the 1600’s. There is a big 400 year gap between ideas are compared but that came down to the same conclusion So in the end, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes both attempted to prove the existence of God, but they differ in respect to the different thought processes to obtai n the existence of God. An still to this day both Philosophers are regarded as key factor in the world of philosophy and their arguments were so influential that they were able to land a spot in our textbook â€Å"THE GREAT CONVERSATION†. But thanks to these gentlemen and their contributions to their works were able

Cleopatra Vii Ptolemaic Dynasty Essay Research free essay sample

Cleopatra Vii Ptolemaic Dynasty Essay, Research Paper Cleopatra VII Ptolemaic Dynasty In the springtime of 51 BC, Ptolemy Auletes died and left his land in his will to his 18 twelvemonth old girl, Cleopatra, and her younger brother Ptolemy XIII who was twelve at the clip. Cleopatra was born in 69 BC in Alexandria, Egypt. She had two older sisters, Cleopatra VI and Berenice IV every bit good as a younger sister, Arsinoe IV. There were two younger brothers as good, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV. It is thought that Cleopatra VI may hold died as a kid and Auletes had Berenice beheaded. At Ptolemy Auletes # 8217 ; decease, Pompey, a Roman leader, was left in charge of the kids. During the two centuries that preceded Ptolemy Auletes decease, the Ptolemies were allied with the Romans. The Ptolemies # 8217 ; strength was neglecting and the Roman Empire was lifting. City after metropolis was falling to the Roman power and the Ptolemies could make nil but make a treaty with them. During the ulterior regulation of the Ptolemies, the Romans gained more and more control over Egypt. Tributes had to be paid to the Romans to maintain them off from Egypt. When Ptolemy Auletes died, the autumn of the Dynasty appeared to be even closer. Harmonizing to Egyptian jurisprudence, Cleopatra was forced to hold a consort, who was either a brother or a boy, no affair what age, throughout her reign. She was married to her younger brother Ptolemy XIII when he was 12, nevertheless she shortly dropped his name from any official paperss irrespective of the Ptolemaic insisting that the male presence be first among co-rulers. She besides had her ain portrayal and name on coins of that clip, disregarding her brother # 8217 ; s. When Cleopatra became co-regent, her universe was crumpling down around her. Cyprus, Coele-Syria and Cyrenaica were gone. There was anarchy abroad and famine at place. Cleopatra was a strong-minded Macedonian queen who was superb and dreamed of a greater universe imperium. She about achieved it. Whether her manner of acquiring it done was for her ain desires or for the chase of power will neer be known for certain. However, like many Hellenistic Queenss, she was passionate but non promiscuous. Equally far as we know, she had no other lovers other than Caesar and Antony. Many believe that she did what she felt was necessary to seek to salvage Alexandria, whatever the monetary value. By 48 BC, Cleopatra had alarmed the more powerful tribunal functionaries of Alexandria by some of her actions. For case, her soldier of fortunes killed the Roman governor of Syria # 8217 ; s boies when they came to inquire for her aid for their male parent against the Parthians. A group of work forces led by Theodotus, the eunuch Pothinus and a half-Greek general, Achillas, overthrew her in favour of her younger brother. They believed him to be much easier to act upon and they became his council of regency. Cleopatra is thought to hold fled to Thebaid. Between 51 and 49 BC, Egypt was enduring from bad crops and dearth because of a drouth which stopped the much needed Nile deluging. Ptolemy XIII signed a edict on October 27, 50 BC which banned any cargos of grain to anywhere but Alexandria. It is thought that this was to deprive Cleopatra and her protagonists who were non in Alexandria. Regardless, she started an ground forces from the Arab folk, which were Es of Pelusium. During thi s clip, she and her sister Arsinoe moved to Syria. They returned by manner of Ascalon, which may hold been Cleopatra # 8217 ; s impermanent base. In the interim, Pompey had been defeated at Pharsalus in August of 48 BC. He headed for Alexandria trusting to happen safety with Ptolemy XIII, of whom Pompey was a senate-appointed defender. Pompey did non recognize how much his repute had been destroyed by Pharsalus until it was excessively late. He was murdered as he stepped ashore on September 28, 48 BC. The immature Ptolemy XIII stood on the dock and watched the whole scene. Four yearss subsequently, Caesar arrived in Alexandria. He brought with him 32 100 legionnaires and 800 horse. He besides brought twelve other soldiers who bore the insignia of the Roman authorities who carried a package of rods with an ax with a blade that projected out. This was considered a badge of authorization that gave a clear intimation of his purposes. There were public violences that followed in Alexandria. Ptolemy XIII was gone to Pelusium and Caesar placed himself in the royal castle and started giving out orders. The eunuch, Pothinus, brought Pt olemy back to Alexandria. Cleopatra had no purposes of being left out of any trades that were traveling to be made. She had herself smuggled in through enemy lines rolled in a rug. She was delivered to Caesar. Both Cleopatra and Ptolemy were invited to look before Caesar the following forenoon. By this clip, she and Caesar were already lovers and Ptolemy realized this right off. He stormed out shouting that he had been betrayed, seeking to elicit the Alexandrian rabble. He was shortly captured by Caesar # 8217 ; s guards and brought back to the castle. It is thought that Caesar had planned to do Cleopatra the exclusive swayer of Alexandria. He thought she would be a marionette for Rome. The Alexandrian War was started when Pothinus called for Ptolemy XIII # 8217 ; s soldiers in November and surrounded Caesar in Alexandria with 20 thousand work forces. During the war, parts of the Alexandrian Library and some of the warehouses were burned. However, Caesar did pull off to capture the Pharos beacon, which kept his control of the seaport. Cleopatra # 8217 ; s sister, Arsinoe, escaped from the castle and ran to Achillas. She was proclaimed the queen by the Macedonian rabble and the ground forces. Cleopatra neer forgave her sister for this. During the combat, Caesar executed Pothinus and Ganymede murdered Achillas. Ptolemy XIII drowned in the Nile while he was seeking to fly. Because of his decease, Cleopatra was now the exclusive swayer of Egypt. Caesar had restored her place, but she now had to get married her younger brother Ptolemy XIV, who was eleven old ages old. This was to delight the Alexandrians and the Egyptian priests. Surely Caesar went through all of this problem for more than his infatuation with the queen of Egypt. It must hold been out of haughtiness and his desire to acquire his custodies on Egypt # 8217 ; s huge resources. However, Cleopatra # 8217 ; s intelligence and heritage did hold some influence every bit good. In what must hold been really calculated on his portion, she became pregnant instead rapidly. For him to hold a boy to transport the throne was really appealing to him. Caesar and Cleopatra took an drawn-out trip up the Nile for approximately two months. They stopped in Dendara where Cleopatra was worshipped as a Pharaoh. Caesar would neer hold this award. Caesar merely left the boat to go to of import concern in Syria me rely a few hebdomads before the birth of their boy, Caesarion ( Ptolemy Caesar ) who was born on June 23, 47 BC. During July of the twelvemonth 46 BC, Caesar returned to Rome. He was given many awards and a ten-year absolutism. These jubilations lasted from September to October and he brought Cleopatra over, along with her cortege. The conservative Republicans were really pained when he established Cleopatra in his place. Her societal manners did non do the state of affairs any better. She upset many. Cleopatra had started naming herself the New Isis and was the topic of much chitchat. She lived in luxury and had a statue made of gold placed by Caesar, in the temple of Venus Genetrix. Caesar besides openly claimed Caesarion as his boy. Many were disquieted that he was be aftering to get married Cleopatra regardless of the Torahs against bigamy and matrimonies to aliens. However, on the Ides of March of 44 BC, all of that came to an terminal. Caesar was assassinated outside the Senate Building in Rome. His Senators killed him in a confederacy. Many of the Senators thought he was a menace to the democracy # 8217 ; s good being. It was thought that Caesar was doing programs to hold himself declared male monarch. After Caesar # 8217 ; s slaying, Cleopatra fled Rome and returned place to Alexandria. Caesar had non mentioned Cleopatra or Caesarion in his will. She felt her life, every bit good as that of her kid, was in great danger. Upon returning to Alexandria, she had her consort Ptolemy XIV, assassinated and established Caesarion as her co-regent at the age of four. She found Egypt enduring from pestilences and dearth. The Nile canals had been neglected during her absence, which caused the crops to be bad, and the flood # 8217 ; s low. The bad crops continued from 43 until 41 BC. Trying to assist procure acknowledgment for Caesarion with Caesar # 8217 ; s former lieutenant Dolabella, Cleopatra sent Dolabella the four hosts that Caesar had left in Egypt. Cassius captured the hosts which caused Dolabella to perpetrate self-destruction at Laodicea during the summer of 43 BC. She was be aftering to fall in Mark Antony and Octavian ( who became Augustus ) with a big fleet of ships after Dolabella’s decease, but was stopped by a violent storm. Cleopatra watched in the clip that followed, who would be the following power in Rome. After Brutus and Cassius had been killed and Antony, Octavian and Lepidus were exultant, Cleopatra knew which one she would hold to cover with. Octavian went back to Italy really badly, so Antony was the one to watch. Her boy gained his right to go male monarch when Caesar was officially divinized in Rome on January 1, 42 BC. The chief object was the publicity of Octavian, but the triumvirs knew of Cleopatra # 8217 ; s assistance to Dolabella. Cleopatra was invited by Mark Antony to Tarsus in 41 BC. She already knew adequate about him to cognize how to acquire to him. She knew about his limited strategic and tactical abilities, his bluish blood, the imbibing, his womanizing, his coarseness and his aspiration. Even though Egypt was on the brink of economic prostration, Cleopatra put on a show for Mark Antony that even Ptolemy Philadelphos couldn # 8217 ; Ts have done better. She sailed with Ag oars, purple canvass with her Erotes fanning her and the Nereid servants maneuvering and she was dressed as Aphrodite, the goddess of love. This was a really deliberate entryway ; considered vulgar by many. It was a vulgar show to pull the attending of a vulgar adult male. Mark Antony loved the thought of holding a aristocratic Ptolemy adult female. His former kept woman every bit good as his current married woman, Fulvia, was simply in-between category. Cleopatra and Antony spent the winter of 41 to 40 in Alexandria. Harmonizing to some beginnings, Cleopatra could acquire out of him whatever she wanted, including the blackwash of her sister, Arsinoe. Cleopatra may non hold had so much influence over him subsequently on. He took control of Cyprus from her. Actually it may hold been Cleopatra who was the exploited 1. Antony needed money and Cleopatra could be generous when it benefited her every bit good. In the spring of 40 BC, Mark Antony left Cleopatra and returned place. He did non see her for four old ages. Antony # 8217 ; s married woman, Fulvia had gotten into a serious motion against Octavian over veterans # 8217 ; allocations of land. She fled to Greece and had a acrimonious confrontation with Antony. She became sick and died at that place. Antony patched things up with Octavian that same fall by get marrieding Octavian # 8217 ; s sister, Octavia. She was a beautiful and intelligent adult female who had been late widowed. She had three kids from her first matrimony. In the interim, Cleopatra had given birth to twins, one male child and one miss, in Alexandria. Antony # 8217 ; s first kid by Octavia was a miss. Had Octavia given him a boy, things might hold turned out different. Antony kept the thought of the hoarded wealths of the Ptolemies and how much he wanted it. When he eventually did acquire the hoarded wealths, the standard involvement rate in Rome fell from 12 per centum to 4. Mark Antony left Italy and went to cover with the Parthians. Octavia had merely had another girl and went with him merely every bit far as Corcyra. He gave her the alibi that he did non desire to expose her to the dangers of the conflicts and sent her place. He told her that she would be more usage to him at place in Rome maintaining peace with her brother, Octavian. However, the first thing that he did when he reached Antioch, was to direct for Cleopatra. Their duplicate kids were officially recognized by Antony and were given the names of Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene. Mark Antony gave her much land, which was really indispensable to Egypt. He gave her Cyprus, the Cilician seashore, Phoenicia, Coele-Syria, Judea and Arabia. This allowed Egypt to be able to construct ships from the timber from Cilician seashore. Egypt so built a big fleet. Antony had planned a run against the Parthians. He evidently needed Cleopatra # 8217 ; s support for this and in 36 BC, he was defeated. He became more indebted to her than of all time. They had merely had a 3rd kid. On their return to Syria, she met him and what was left of his ground forces, with nutrient, vesture and money. Early on in 35 BC, he returned to Egypt with her. Antony # 8217 ; s married woman, Octavia was in Athens with supplies and supports waiting for her hubby. He sent her a missive stating her to non come any farther. Her brother, Octavian, tried to arouse Antony into a battle. Octavian would let go of military personnels every bit good as ships to seek to coerce Antony into a war, which, by this clip was about inevitable. Anthony might hold been able to piece things up with Octavia and her brother had he returned to Rome in 35 BC. Cleopatra likely did her best to maintain him in Alexandria. Octavia remained wholly loyal to Antony through all of this. In 34 BC, Antony had a run into Armenia, which was successful and financially honoring. He celebrated his victory with a parade through Alexandria with Cleopatra presiding over as the New Isis. Antony presented himself as the New Dionysus as portion of his dream of the Graeco-Roman regulation. Within a few yearss, a more political ceremonial took topographic point in which the kids were given their royal rubrics with Antony sitting on the throne every bit good. Ptolemy XV ( Caesarion ) was made the co-ruler with his female parent and was called the King of Kings. Cleopatra was called the Queen of Kings, which was a higher place than that of Caesarion # 8217 ; s. Alexander Helios, which meant the Sun, was named Great King of the Seleucid imperium when it was at its highest. Cleopatra Selene, which meant the Moon, was called Queen of Cyrenaica and Crete. Cleopatra and Antony # 8217 ; s boy, Ptolemy Philadelphos was named King of Syria and Asia Minor at the age of two. Cleopatra had d reams of going the Empress of the universe. She was really near to accomplishing these dreams and her favourite curse was, # 8220 ; As certainly as I shall yet distribute justness on the Roman Capital. # 8221 ; In 32 to 31 BC, Antony eventually divorced Octavia. This forced the Western portion of the universe to acknowledge his relationship with Cleopatra. He had already put her name and face on a Roman coin, the Ag denarii. The denarii were widely circulated throughout the Mediterranean. By making this, Antony # 8217 ; s relationship with the Roman commitment was ended and Octavian decided to print Antony # 8217 ; s will. Octavian so officially declared war against Cleopatra. Antony # 8217 ; s name was nowhere mentioned in the official declaration. Many false accusals were made against Cleopatra stating that she was a prostitute and a bibulous Oriental. These accusals were most likely made out of fright of Cleopatra and Antony. Many likely thought that the New Isis would predominate and that Antony would get down up a new moving ridge of universe conquering and regulation in a co-partnership from Alexandria. However, Octavian # 8217 ; s navy badly defeated Antony in Actium, which is in Greece, on September 2, 31 BC. Octavian # 8217 ; s admiral, Agrippa, planned and carried out the licking. In less than a twelvemonth, Antony half-heartedly defended Alexandria against the progressing ground forces of Octavian. After the licking, Antony committed self-destruction by falling on his ain blade in 30 BC. After Antony # 8217 ; s decease, Cleopatra was taken to Octavian where her function in Octavian # 8217 ; s victory was carefully explained to her. He had no involvement in any relationship, dialogue or rapprochement with the Queen of Egypt. She would be displayed as a slave in the metropoliss she had ruled over. She must hold had memories of her sister, Arsinoe, being humiliated in this manner. She would non populate this manner, so she had an asp, which was an Egyptian cobra, brought to her hidden in a basket of figs. She died on August 12, 30 BC at the age of 39. The Egyptian faith declared that decease by snakebite would procure immortality. With this, she achieved her deceasing wish, to non be forgotten. The lone other swayer to project a shadow on the captivation with Cleopatra was Alexander who was another Macedonian. After Cleopatra # 8217 ; s decease, Caesarion was strangled and Antony # 8217 ; s married woman, Octavia, raised the other kids of Cleopatra. Her decease was the grade of the terminal of the Egyptian Monarchs. The Roman Emperors came into to govern in Egypt. The Ptolemies were Macedonian in nice, but ruled as Egyptians, as Pharaohs. Cleopatra was the last Pharaoh of Egypt. What are frequently non associated with Cleopatra were her glare and her devotedness to her state. She was a quick-witted adult female who was fluent in nine linguistic communications ; nevertheless, Latin was non one of them. She was a mathematician and a really good businesswoman. She had a echt regard for Caesar, whose intelligence and humor matched her ain. Antony on the other manus about drove her insane with his deficiency of intelligence and his surpluss. She dealt with him and made the most of what she had to make. She fought for her state. She had a magnetic personality, was a born leader and an ambitious sovereign who deserved better than self-destruction.

Regionalism in Canada and Its Effects Essay Example

Regionalism in Canada and Its Effects Paper Regionalism and Its Effects on the Canadian State Since the beginning of Canadian history, regionalism has had a prominent effect on the country`s political system. The concept of regionalism can be defined as a political ideology grounded on a shared sense of place or attachment and is discussed in terms of Canadian society, culture, economy and politics. 1. From the days of confederation, Canada has developed into regional cleavages and identities based on various geographical characteristics, traditional lifestyles and economic interests. Two of Canada`s greatest regionally distinct political cultures are known as Western alienation and Quebec nationalism. 2. Historically, the lack of regional awareness and accommodation within Canada’s central government has given rise to a great deal of regional discontent. Much of this discontent comes from the uneven distribution of economic activity amongst Canada`s provinces. Also, federal policies made in favour of central Canada, Ontario and Quebec, are consequently placing the West, the East and the North at an even greater disadvantage. Thus, in this paper, I am going to argue that regionalism is weakening the Canadian state and at its worst, is pulling the country apart. Due to major differences in geography, population and ethnicity, the federal government’s response to Canadian demands differs from region to region. Quebec nationalism is a great example of a distinct regional culture setting back Canadian unity. The historical English vs. French cleavage has been a significant and very influential feature within Canadian politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Regionalism in Canada and Its Effects specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Regionalism in Canada and Its Effects specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Regionalism in Canada and Its Effects specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ever since the division of Lower and Upper Canada took place in 1791, French Canadians have been concerned with finding their own independence. This became a principal political issue as English Canadians saw this as a threat to the country’s national identity and togetherness. Several constitutional reforms have been made in response to Quebec separatism such as the Notwithstanding Clause, allowing the province to maintain its French language, Catholic religion and Civil law. For other provinces, the special status given to Quebec was seen as unjust and resulted in many regional conflicts and complaints. Another distinct regional culture affecting Canadian Politics is well known as Western alienation which is defined as the following: A regionally distinct political culture through and within which are expressed economic discontent, the rejection of a semi-colonial status within the Canadian State, antipathy towards Quebec and French-Canadian influence within the ational government, the irritation of the West’s partisan weakness within a succession of Liberal national governments, and the demand from provincial political elites for greater jurisdictional autonomy. For the reason that Canada’s regional identities are based on conflicting interests and demands from the federal government, Canada is fundamentally made difficult to govern. The disintegration of the Canadian political life is greatly caused by the federal partiality presented in Canada’s national political institutions. Criticism of the lack of regional representation in Canada’s federal system has been mainly directed to Parliament and both the electoral and party systems. Effectively, the central government’s failure to increase the role of regions within its political institutions has left the underrepresented provinces of Canada with little to no confidence in their government whatsoever. A major contribution to regional complaints comes from one of Canada’s most unsatisfactory and ineffective national political institutions, the Senate. Established by the British North American Act in 1867, the Canadian Senate was formed as an equivalent to the British House of Lords. 4 Also known as the upper house, the Senate was created as a way of including the representation of under populated provinces into the operation of the federal government. At the time, the Canadian Senate consisted of 72 senators with 24 members appointed from Ontario, Quebec and the Maritimes each. As new provinces and territories were added to the federation, they later became a part of the Senate which presently holds a total of 105 seats. Today, Ontario and Quebec have maintained their 24 member senatorial status. The four Western provinces have 6 members each. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick both have 10 seats. Prince Edward Island was given 4 out of the original 24 Maritime senators. Together, Newfoundland and Labrador have a total of 6 members. Finally, Nunavut, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories stand in the equation with 1 senator apiece. Along with the Senate`s original intentions, the principle of equality between the provinces is evidently lost. The Senate primarily fails because it was formerly created to balance out the representation by population which lies in the House of Commons however currently only seems to reinforce it. In fact, Canada’s central provinces, Ontario and Quebec, account for 60 percent of the seats in the House of Commons and almost half of the seats in the Senate at 46 percent. The inadequacy of regional representation is emphasized as the Canada West Foundation clearly states: â€Å"Canada is the only democratic federal system in the world in which the regions with the largest populations dominate both houses of the national legislature. 6 With an unelected Senate that no longer fulfills its role of equal regional representation and a House of Commons grounded on the representation of provinces proportional to their population, the legitimacy of Parliament has become a great political concern and is a major factor attributing to the state’s existing regional tensions. A second political institution adding to the growth of regional grievances is the design of the electoral system. Canadian elections are based on an electoral system most commonly known as the â€Å"first-past-the-post† system. This system is constructed in a way where citizens of numerous geographical regions or constituencies are allowed to elect a single candidate as their o wn political party representation. Basically, the candidate with the most votes in a given constituency wins a seat in the House of Commons. However, this type of electoral system raises many questions about whether election outcomes are truly and justly representing party preference on the national scale. The main reason for this criticism relates to the fact that candidates are able to win an election in a constituency regardless of whether they won over 50 percent of the total popular vote. Consequently, the number of seats a party wins in the House of Commons will very unlikely be in proportion with their actual share of the popular vote. Therefore, the system has the tendency to punish minor parties with widespread provincial support while benefiting the leading parties with rather concentrated central support. A great example of the misrepresentation of the electoral system was seen during the 1979 elections when Joe Clark of the Conservative party was elected as Prime Minister, despite the Liberals receiving at least 4 percent more of the country’s popular vote. 8 Not only is the electoral system a distortion of public opinion, it causes many voters to feel insignificant and uncared for which greatly contributes to the existing low voter turnout and even as to why Canadians are so indifferent about politics altogether. A third way wherein the federal government fails to accommodate regional interests is among the political parties themselves. The party system is an essential aspect of the operation of a democratic government but given that most political parties depend on central Canada for the majority of their votes, the party system has become meaningless and once again regional interests are overshadowed. The lack of a nationwide connection between political parties and Canadian citizens is evident as the party system becomes more and more regionally concentrated. Since the first Canadian elections, the Liberals and the Conservatives have been the most dominant political parties to date. 9 Because Ontario and Quebec are appointed the most seats in the House of Commons, both the Liberal and Conservative parties rely on the votes of the central Canadian population. In doing so, it is impossible for other parties to achieve a majority in the House even if they win the combined seats of Western, Atlantic and Northern Canada. Thus, in 1993 Canada’s party system became a lot more regionally based. For examples, le Bloc Quebecois only runs candidates in Quebec as its sole purpose is to find Quebec sovereignty and the Reform party based in Alberta was created as a way of expressing how regional alienation is overwhelmingly felt by Western Canadians. All in all, Canada’s national political institutions are far from being representative of Canadian society which results in the devaluation of political activity and is greatly weakening the Canadian state. Historically, support for central Canada’s economic development has always been a priority on the political agenda. For the reason that Canada’s national policies are strongly biased towards Ontario and Quebec, economic success is not evenly dispersed throughout the Canadian State. An example wherein central Canada was at an advantage over other provinces was when John A. Macdonald implemented the â€Å"National Policy† in 1879. This policy consisted of the establishment of a transcontinental railway and placed a tariff on imported manufactured goods in order to allow domestic goods to be sold at a lower price. In doing so, U. S. manufacturers invested in the vast exploitation of Western Canada’s natural resources in which countless jobs and recruiting opportunities were made possible for many Canadians. The purpose of the policy was to help advance the development of the Canadian economy, however while Ontario benefited enormously, the Western and Eastern provinces were placed at a significant disadvantage. Not only did the federal government have jurisdiction over West Canada’s natural resources, farmers in the Prairies had to buy Canadian agricultural equipment that was at a much higher price than the American agricultural equipment they had bought prior to the policy. This enabled many regional complaints and demands from the West and it was not until 1930 when the Prairie provinces finally gained control of their natural resources. Another example of federal government discrimination is known as the National Energy Program. Introduced in 1980, the NEP was meant to increase federal control and ownership of the oil industry so that Canadians were protected from the negative effects of rising and falling world energy prices. In order to accomplish this goal, price controls and federal taxes on oil and gas production were implemented. However, while Canada’s consumers and heartland industries benefited from Alberta’s energy resources, great opposition from Western Canada was met. Albertans were mainly upset for the reason that the federal government was going against their provincial rights, despite Alberta having control over their resources. This feeling of alienation augmented as oil companies moved toward central Canada, leaving Albertans with a tremendous loss of wealth and a great deal of unemployment. Thus, the abuse and discrimination of Western Canada in was a major factor in fuelling Canadian regionalism. As many Prime Ministers have said, Canada is one of the most difficult countries to govern effectively. 10 Regionalism is continually weakening the Canadian state and at its worst, is pulling the country apart. Politicians must realize that Canada’s differences in geography, culture and economic demands are a daily fact and will forever influence Canadian politics. In order to restore public confidence in our central government, regional tensions, conflicts and demands must be addressed. A great way in tackling the negative effects of regionalism is by strengthening the role of Canada’s provinces within our national political institutions. Changing the Senate to an elected one where every province is represented by an equal number of senators is a preferable solution in dealing with regional disparities. Thereby, national policies can be made without having the interests of a province over other provinces and important national issues can be dealt with based on the viewpoints of all of Canada and not merely focusing on those of Ontario and Quebec. Moreover, political parties can also play an important role in improving the Canadian political life. 11 In establishing a more mea ningful relationship between political parties and Canadian citizens, people in society can elect a more favourable political leader who can efficiently respond to their personal needs and suggestions. Ultimately, public trust and public involvement within the federal government can be restored. By including a provincial dimension to Canada’s national political institutions, politicians will have a much better understanding of how significant regional opinion truly is and how regionalism can essentially be changed to strengthen the Canadian state and to re-establish Canada’s unified identify. References 1. Stephen, Brooks. Canadian Democracy: An Introduction, fifth edition. Canada: Oxford University Press, 2007. 2. Henderson, Ailsa. Regional Political Cultures in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 37(3), 2004. 3. Kerstetter, Steven. Rags and Riches. Wealth Inequality in Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2002. 4. Stilborn, Jack. Senate Reform: Issues and Recent Developments. Ottawa: Parliamentary Information and Research Service, 2008. 5. D’Aquino, Thomas, G. Bruce Doern, and Cassandra Blair. Parliamentary Democracy in Canada: Issues for Reform. Methuen: Business Council on National Issues, 1983. 6. Canada West Foundation. Regional Representation: The Canadian Partnership. Calgary: The Canada West Foundation, 1981 7. Milner, Henry. First Past the Post? Progress Report on Electoral Reform Initiatives in Canadian Provinces. Institute for Research and Public Policy, 2004. 8. Dyck, Rand. Canadian Politics, fourth edition. Nelson Education, 2008. 9. Savoie, J, Donald. All things Canadian are now regional. Journal of Canadian Studies, 2000. 10. Lewis, J. P. Canadian Government and Politics. Lecture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Mar. 18, 2010. 11. Fox, Graham. Rethinking Political Parties. Public Policy Forum, 2006.

The University of Southamptons Print centre Essays

The University of Southamptons Print centre Essays The University of Southamptons Print centre Essay The University of Southamptons Print centre Essay A report on an Ethnographic pilot study of the University of Southamptons Print centre Introduction. This report follows an ethnographic pilot study into the universitys print centre. We were required to view the Print centre through the eyes of management consultants relating its operations to material covered in lectures. Background to the Print centre. Find out how long it has been running. The Print centre was initially setup to cater for the specialist print needs of the university. This has since changed and it is now also widely used by other organisations and the public. The centre has one manager and nine subordinates who specialise in different parts of the process. Located in a two-storey house on 99 University road it is soon to be demolished to make way for University Boulevard with the site of relocation as yet unconfirmed. Function of the Print centre. The Print centre offers a wide range of services focused toward the growing requirements of its users. Whilst the majority of the work undertaken is still conventional printing such as booklets and leaflets, they offer other services such as t-shirt printing and spine binding. Structure and culture of the Print centre. In relevance to the findings of Burns and Stalkers 1961 study into organisations The Management of Innovation the Print centre leans more toward a mechanistic structure. The characteristics that make it so, do however suffer a wide degree of variance due to the small number of staff. Specialisation and departmentalisation of work is apparent with each member of staff trained in one particular area. However the direction and decision making within the centre appears to take a more collective approach as opposed to management being the controlling force. It is easy to understand why, as the size and hierarchical nature of the centre makes consultation with, and influence from staff inevitable as described by Laurie J. Mullins. He says of small organisations the definition of authority and responsibility, and the relationship between members of the organisation can be established on a personal and informal basis (2002, p. 530). This fluctuation of the mechanistic characteristics highlights the contingency approach in that the environment shapes the structure of the centre. The specialisations of staff in the centre combined with the formalised work process are covered by what Charles B. Handy named the role culture (1976, p. 190). He likens this form of organisational culture to a Greek temple. This metaphor can be deconstructed when looking at the centre. Handy goes on to say The role organisation rests its strength in its pillars, its functions or specialities (1976 p. 190). Indeed each pillar is represented by one of the specialist areas, each needing to be as strong the others to ensure a solid and sound building. Holding the pillars in place is the pediment represented by the manager and her controlling influence, disseminating her authority down. Stakeholders. As the university owns and uses the Print centre the most they can be regarded as the primary stakeholder. It is for this reason that university work takes priority in busy periods. However if the balance shifted and customers from outside became the greatest users the bias would have to be addressed. The paper supplier is another important stakeholder in the organisation. The centre relies on JIT for their paper deliveries. This situation gives the supplier indirect influence over management decisions, for example if the manager sought a cheaper supplier they would have to offer the same level of reliability and service, a risk perhaps not worth taking. As mentioned above the centre has nine staff and one manager allowing the staff to exert a degree of control over management decisions, especially when acting as a collective. Ethical issues. British society today is heading toward a state where social responsibility, in an ethical sense, is no longer implored and congratulated but expected. The centre reflects this growing consensus by recycling of over 70% of its waste. They also offer the use of recycled paper if the user requests it and only use eco-friendly paints. In recognising the social contract between the centre and society they lean more toward the corporate social responsibility approach than Milton Friedmans profit maximisation beliefs. There is a possibility that the imminent relocation may raise some ethical issues for employees. However when analysing the relocation in respect to stakeholder theory, as the centre is still to remain on campus it is difficult to see how any party will be adversely affected. How well is the Print centre managed? Following studies undertaken by the Management Charter Initiative in 1991 entitled Crediting Competence they produced a set of four occupational standards employers thought managers should competent in. These were the ability to manage activities, resources, people and information. The activities are well managed with the product continually meeting customers requirements as discussed above. In terms of resources money is well managed. The centre is supposed to be a non-profit making organisation and as such prices are set accordingly. They do however make a profit, which is reinvested in new equipment so as to remain effective. The management of the premises is perhaps not effectively or efficiently managed with the flow of work-in-progress being a disjointed one, although this can partially be put down to the location. The relocation of the centre should provide scope for improvement here. Management of staff appears to be first rate with staff seeming happy and content in their work (the Hawthorne effect may be applicable). Information about the management of information was difficult to gather. In terms of work however all work is carried out from a job-sheet detailing the specifics of any particular job. Stocks, schedules, price quotes and other information can be accessed from a computer.

Case study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Case study - Coursework Example Since the inception of Amazon, its vision has always been consistent. The vision has been to provide the biggest selection in the world, as well as being the most customer centered (centric) company. These core proposition are communicated both online and offline. The pricing proposition entails the strategy of daily low pricing technique by not offering discounts to a small number of products within a particular period of time. The offer is on low prices and it is applied to all the ranges of products offered. Gregg (2012) illuminates that one of the communication avenues that have contributed to the success of Amazon is the use of Bing. Bing is a default search engine embedded in the Amazon browser especially in the kindle tablets. The other browsers that serve as alternatives to the Bing are Dolphin, Opera, and Maxthon. Majority installed the Bing as a silk browser. The Bing browser allows online shopping of a wide and wild selection of magazines, books, DVDs, Music, Video, comput ers, electronics, apparels, and jewelry among many other products. Mark (2010) explains that the Amazon also utilizes the Yahoo browsers just like Bing in the communication and promotion of products. On the other hand, the use of Google is majorly for the retail of books, home items, as well as garden in general. Yahoo and Bing sometimes appear to be similar in the communication technique. However, for Google, it is slightly different on how it communicates the core proposition despite the fact that the three communicate the basic propositions highlighted earlier. In addition to the above discussed avenues, core propositions are also communicated in the Amazon website called Amazon.com (Chaffey, 2005). In this website, they are not presented in the sentence list format but are listed in form of departments. Clients are usually directed to the websites through various online targeted marketing avenues such as sponsored search,

Managing Virtual Teams.A Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Virtual Teams.A Case Study - Essay Example Running a virtual company can be a rewarding experience for everyone involved. The employees are given greater freedom to complete their work task based on their own schedule. In general each employee has greater flexibility over their daily routine. Employees that telecommute get a change to spend more family time due to the fact that their homes become their home offices. It is very important you trained your employees to learn how to manage their time adequately. Telecommuting requires self-discipline in order to be able to meet the work deadlines of the job. In the news media business information travels fast, thus companies need employees that can stay on top of the latest trends. In order to manager a virtual staff you need to keep the lines of communication open. I recommend that you switch your cellular phone provider or change the plan in order to give all employees phones with unlimited minutes. The employees need to stay united and being able to call each other for support in work related matters should be encouraged. As part of their home office equipment each employees must have a printer, fax machine, copier, digital camera, desktop or laptop computer, and broadband internet access. All the materials must be provided by the company since moving to a virtual environment should not cost the employees any out of pocket expenses.

Black social movements Essay Example for Free

Black social movements Essay Race is used by social scientists to refer to distinctions drawn from physical appearance (skin color, eye shape, physiognomy), and ethnicity is used to refer to distinctions based on national origin, language, religion, food, and other cultural markers. â€Å"Race has a quasi-biological status and among psychologists, the use of race terminology is hotly debated In the United States, race is also a socially defined, politically oppressive categorization scheme that individuals must negotiate while creating their identities. † (Frable , 1997, 139) Before the Black Power Phase of the Black Social Movement, blacks displayed a decidedly dualistic worldview. After 1968, a trend toward a black perspective, which is almost as significant as the dualistic frame, becomes apparent. A reactionary, extreme pro white position is seldom advocated: The dualistic, integrationist ethic was perhaps stronger in the past than it is today, although it is probably still the dominant ideology among blacks. Finally, over the past 25+ years, a nationalistic black oriented ideology has become increasingly important in discussions of black affairs. The racial and ethnic identity terms are often used inappropriately in psychology. While black immigrants to the United States may have a racial identity as black, their ethnic identity reflects their country of origin; racial identity is much more likely to be problematic in the United States than ethnic identity. Whether a researcher assesses racial identity, ethnic identity, or some combination may only be clear after reading the Methods section of their report. EVIDENCE OF IDENTITY CHANGE: 1968-PRESENT The Black Social Movement had two phases: (1) the Civil Rights Phase, which lasted from 1954-1967 and (2) the Black Power Phase, which began to take hold from 1965-1967. (See Exhibit 1) 118 or 73% were conducted during the period 1968-1977. Of these, 22 (19%) were Black group oriented, 84 (71%) were personal self-worth related and 12 (10%) applied personal self-worth and Black group oriented measures on the same sample. A significant number of both Black group and personal self-worth studies from this period show blacks with an increased in-group orientation and adequate to above average levels of self-esteem. (Allen et al, pg. 161)The Black Movement has increased the probability that more blacks will superimpose a black orientation upon a greater variety of situations. As a perspective, the extent to which the world view of the mainstream group (Americanism) has been internalized by a Black person is not one of self-rejection as it was in the past. As a result, some 20 years later and as a side product of the mind set change, Hip-hop (music) was created in the mid-seventies as black social movements began to take less noticeable role in the African-American communities and mainstream media, and replaced by electoral politics. â€Å"It has deep sixties cultural and political roots; Gil Scott-Heron and The Last Poets are considered the forebears of rap. But once the institutions that supported radical movements collapsed or turned their attention elsewhere, the seeds of hip- hop were left to germinate in American society at large-fed by its materialism, misogyny and a new, more insidious kind of state violence. † (Ards, 1999, p. 11) This suggests racial motivation impetus more of a political-cultural propensity rather than a psychological trait. All along, even during the racial segregation and Jim Crow, Blacks have consistently had a high sense of personal worth. The Black Movement probably had a less dramatic effect on the personal identity as opposed to the reference group orientation of black people as whole. Blacks have had, and continue to have, a multifaceted reference group orientation that determine behavior depending upon the situation being confronted. BLACK ELITE LIBERAL CONCEPT Is this America? Land of the Free and Home of the Brave? Fannie Lou Hamers question still rivets attention, for it is at once radical and conservative, communitarian and individualistic, a plaintive cry and a hardened protest, fiercely American and defiant of America. (Robinson, 1997, p. 179) While not a new paradigm in and of itself (and while certainly reductionist), Cedric J. Robinson, in Black Movement in America, calls for framework forces one to consider social movements. He points out that the very success of black activism during the Civil War would point the way toward future divisions within black political culture. Both free black leaders and the masses of Southern slaves who rebelled against their masters turned a white war into a battle over slavery and racial injustice. (Newman, 1999, 683) Slaverys destruction, ironically, removed a common focus of protest, and more importantly, enticed certain black elites to accept the liberal concept of changing American political culture by trying to join it and reform it from within. These elite representatives were largely irrelevant in Robinsons eyes, for the black masses focused on community-building and autonomy (Robinson, 1997, p. 92). The black social movements of the 60’s and 70’s single indicator of common social beliefs may simply be related with other dimensions and intangibles yet to be discovered or even recognized. In brief, due to the impact of during the ten to fifteen year span, black consciousness and awareness had become so pervasive throughout the black population that by the late seventies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  a single item tapping common-fate solidarity was adequate to capture a fully politicized sense of group consciousness. Of course, other changes in the political landscape may also contribute to such a shift. For instance, collective political efficacy among black Americans may have been enhanced by the growing number of black elected officials. † (Bobo Gilliam 1990) A generation has almost passed since the social activisms of the late 50’s and upheaval turbulent 60s and birth of modern day public black social movement. There are now thousands of black elected and appointed officials throughout the United States. Southern presidents have been elected to the White House since 1976, both of whom received the overwhelming support of the African American electorate. A great deal of literature has been devoted to the position that Black working people and the poor challenged the â€Å"system† by establishing, ad hoc or organized significant black social movements that were rooted simultaneously in a political and social tempest. However, thus knowing that a person has a strong black identity will not inform the listener about the nature of his/her personal identity; however, it gives considerable insight into the persons value system, political posture, and cultural stance. REFERENCE(S) Deborrah E. S. Frable , 1997, Article Title: Gender, Racial Ethnic, Sexual andClass Identities. Journal Title: Annual Review of Psychology. Volume: 48. Page Number: 139+. Angela Ards, 1999, Organizing the Hip-Hop Generation. Magazine Title: The Nation. Volume: 269. Issue: 4. Publication Date: July 26,1999 Page Number: 11. Cedric J. Robinson, 1997, Black Movements in America. (New York: Routledge,. p. 179, 92 ) Rich Newman, 1999, Black Movements in America. Journal Title: The Historian. Volume: 61. Issue: 3. Publication Page Number: 683. Walter Recharde Allen, Geraldine Kearse Brookins, Margaret Beale Spencer,1985, Beginnings: The Social and Affective Development of Black Children. Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Place of Publication: Hillsdale, NJ. Bobo, Lawrence. 1988 Attitudes Toward The Black Political Movement: Trends, Meaning, and Effects on Racial Policy Preferences. Social Psychology Quarterly 51:287-302. Gilliam, Franklin D. , and Kenny J. Whitby. 1989 . Race, Class, and Attitudes Toward Social Welfare Spending: An Ethclass Interpretation. Social Science Quarterly 70:88-100.

Passion :: essays research papers

â€Å"Florida State University, here we come!† Fort Lauderdale to Tallahassee, what a trip! On the road again†¦blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, on the road again, that damn song always in my head when we’re going on a long bus ride. I should figure out the words in between, but I’m always too lazy. Now that I think about it, I still have two cases to write if I want debate. Mr. Wakefield would kill me if he knew I’m going to a huge state tournament unprepared. I’m not worried, I’ll do it after the first stop†¦I’m tired now anyways. I’ll just take a little nap. I woke up because of all the noise†¦we’re at the first stop. It’s been four hours?! I’m still tired, so, I put my head back again. Once again, I woke up because of the noise†¦we’re at the second stop now. I slept through another four hours, I can’t believe it, and I didn’t get anything done! I’m not worried , I’ll write my cases after this stop†¦ I’m hungry anyways. So, I ate a bunch of snacks, listened to my Walkman, and went back to the bus. I’m just going to relax right now; my head hurts and my stomach is full. Here we are, Tallahassee, Florida! It’s okay, I’m not worried, once we eat dinner and settle in our hotel rooms, I’ll write my cases. So, we eat dinner, get our rooms, unpack, and now I’m way too tired to write my cases†¦ I’ll write before the tournament tomorrow. The tournament is about to start and I still don’t have any cases ready†¦it’s okay; I can write it before my rounds. I look over to the side and see someone posting the rounds up. All right, rounds are going to start in fifteen minutes and I don’t have my cases ready – okay, now it is time to panic! Well, I always said I work better under pressure†¦obviously, a lot of pressure. I sit down and I’m writing as fast as I possibly can. Wow, so many ideas†¦my hand can’t keep up! I can smell the smoke coming from the pencil grinding on my notepad. I can hear myself rooting for myself†¦go, go, go, go, Usilia you’re awesome! Okay, it’s time to go to my round, so I plot my butt down next to the door and continue writing. When my opponent gets there, I tilt my notepad so he doesn’t see what I’m writing.

Islam’s View on Suicide Essay

Islam views human life as a gift and something sacred that should be protected for the sake of Allah Ta’ala. No Muslim should take his or her life for granted. In the Qur’an, Allah speaks to His followers and educates them on their purpose of life: â€Å"And I (Allah) created not the jinn and mankind except that they should worship Me (Alone)†. (Adh-Dhariyat: 56). This indicates that humans should continue living to worship their Lord. Through other verses, Muslims are protected from death through various forms of worship. â€Å"He has forbidden you only the carrion (flesh of dead animals), and blood, and flesh of swine, and that which is slaughtered as a sacrifice for others than Allah (or has been slaughtered for idols, on which Allah’s Name has not been mentioned whilst slaughtering). But if one is forced by necessity without wilful disobedience nor transgressing due limits, then there is no sin on him. Truly, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. â€Å"(Surah Al-Baqarah: 173). These forbidden foods can only cause harm upon a person in the long-run and therefore a Muslim is forbidden to consume them. Consumption of prohibited substances will only entice death. Similarly, alcohol, cigarettes and drugs are explicitly shunned in Islam. During the one month fast of Ramadhan, Muslims appreciate hunger during the day. At the end of the month, they appreciate the life that they are given the opportunity to live with the bounty that Allah bestows upon them. Muslims believe that death is ordained by Allah and no person will die until his or her time is duely prescribed: â€Å"And no person can ever die except by Allah’s leave and at an appointed term† (Imraan: 145). Suicide in Islam Suicide is prohibited in Islam. As killing is prohibited in Islam, killing one’s self amounts to murder. Strict warnings appear in the Qur’an as relayed below: â€Å"Do not take life, which Allah made sacred, other than in the course of justice,† (al-Israa’: 33); and If anyone kills a person – unless it be for murder or spreading mischief in the land – it would be as if he killed the whole of humanity (al-Ma’idah :32) Suicide, generally, is seen as a result of cowardice. Someone who wishes for an easy way to escape from stress and related difficulty in his or her life, sometimes entertain suicide. This type of mentality is frowned upon in Islam as Muslims believe that Allah would never burden a believer more than he or she can bear. It is through a Muslim’s intellect and perseverance, coupled with a lot of faith, that he or she should continue to overcome worldly obstacles by submitting to the Creator. More importantly though, many factors can lead to suicide. Among them are depression, substance abuse, personal losses and problems, personal health and disability. (a) Depression Depression is a medical condition that needs to be treated. A person who has an isolated and detached lifestyle including mental ability, sleeping patterns, the inability to socialise, eating disorders and a dangerous aptitude of stress is most likely to fall under the category of depression. If this person still has the ability to decide for him or herself, treatment should be sought immediately. Alternatively, friends and family who suspect this person is entertaining thoughts of suicide, must seek help from medical practitioners. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings upon him) reminded his followers that â€Å"Allah had not created any disease (except for cancer) without a cure for it,† (Bukhari). It is therefore vital for a person suffering from depression to seek medical attention. (b) Substance abuse Substance abusers can be often lead to suicide through overdoses. Anything that harms a human’s health is considered as haraam (prohibited). Substances that are intoxicating, such as cigarettes and alcohol have no benefit to mankind. On the contrary, they are harmful to the user and those who surround him or her. Even if this person does not overdose in the short run, steadfast addiction to either can cause cancer in the long run, a disease that does not have a cure. The same ruling applies to the use of drugs. â€Å"Every intoxicant is Khamr, and every Khamr is haram,† (Muslim) (c) Personal losses and problems The loss of a loved one can spark suicidal tendencies. Practicing Muslims however accept death as part of life. The saying â€Å"inna lillahi wa innalillahi rajiun† implies that Muslims accept that from Allah they originate from and to Allah they will return. Muslims accept the passing of a loved one calmly with prayers for his or her happiness in the after life. Personal problems are amass in today’s society. Many people are especially burdened by mounting financial debt. This is usually due to poor planning of resources. Though difficult to overcome, emerging from a financial difficulty is possible. Muslims are prohibited to leave debt when passing, so it is only wise to eliminate debt rather than end one’s life. The first step would be to remove the element of riba (interest) from financial holdings – whether they are assets or liabilities. Pay off all interest first. In assets such as savings accounts, remove all interest income by donating them to charity. When interest is removed, it will be easier to pay-off loans and an opportunity to start saving money will also unfold. Allah condemns usury, and blesses charities. Allah dislikes every disbeliever, guilty. O you who believe, you shall observe Allah and refrain from all kinds of usury, if you are believers. If you do not, then expect a war from Allah and His messenger. But if you repent, you may keep your capitals, without inflicting injustice, or incurring injustice. If the debtor is unable to pay, wait for a better time. If you give up the loan as a charity, it would be better for you, if you only knew. (Baqarah: 276-280) Engaging in a professional financial planning service will induce healthy spending tendencies. (d) Personal health and disability Again, Muslims are not to be disheartened by continuous pain and suffering endured in life. In fact, these experiences expatiate sins. The more suffering a Muslim is subjected to during his life-span, the easier his condition will be during the hereafter. Suicide is not an option. â€Å"Be sure We shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss in goods, lives, and the fruits of your toil. But give glad tidings to those who patiently persevere. Those who say, when afflicted with calamity, ‘To Allah we belong, and to Him is our return. ‘ They are those on whom descend blessings from their Lord, and mercy. They are the ones who receive guidance. † (Baqarah:155-157) Patience is prescribed for Muslims undergoing undue stress. There are blessings in overcoming hardship and the first step to doing this is to patiently accept the course of obstacles with determination and strength. There are cases where a patient who is enduring continuous pain, and is most probably bed-ridden, requires his or her life to be terminated. This is called euthanasia, or mercy-killing. In some cases, a family member or close friend â€Å"feels† that the patient will be better off deceased, and requests for his or her life to end. Muslims are disallowed from practicing euthanasia. â€Å"And do not kill yourselves. Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you†. (An-Nisa: 29). Assisting a person to terminate his or her life is unlawful in Islam as this translates into assisting suicide. There are blessings in suffering and a person’s life is still as valuable as it would be should he or she be perfectly healthy. A person must continue living until his or her time is due. â€Å"And take not life, which Allah has made sacred, except by way of justice and law,† (Al-An`am: 151). In a case where a person is proclaimed as brain-dead and does not feel any pain, a doctor may recommend terminating the use of the life-support machine. This machine is keeping the patient â€Å"alive† when he or she is actually is not. If there is medical justification that there is nothing in the power of the practitioners to be able to cure the patient in question, it is permissible for families of the patient to discontinue the use of the life-support machinery and allow nature to take its course. Suicide in the news: Suicide Bombing Suicide bombing is synonymous with Muslim followers in the mainstream media. Suicide bombers reap more attention than those who illegally invade countries, causing the lives of innocent civilians – some in their own homes. Suicide bombing entails a person killing him or herself through an explosion of a bomb. This explosion also encroaches of lives around the suicide bomber. Countries like Palestine and Iraq have been warped with suicide bombing. Islam, no doubt, is a religion of peace, and never condones any form of violence. Having said that, Islam disallows oppression in any way. It is not permissible for a Muslim to be an oppressor nor is it allowed for him to be oppressed and remain to be oppressed without seeking options of overcoming such violation of basic rights. A Muslim thus, is required to seek mediation and negotiation with the oppressing party, to release him, his family, his community and country from the shackles of violence. Since Muslims are bound only by Allah’s law, it is prohibited for a country to have the nation’s freedom curbed by an illegal invasion, all in the name of justice. Should there no means of disentangling a country’s operation from being ruled by a foreign party, Muslims sometimes do have to resort to violence in order to regain their rightful land. War is allowed in Islam when a Muslim party requires to defend their land, property and family. Defending a country for the sake of Islam, is mandatory upon every Muslim, man or woman. For example, in the case of Iraq, inhumane sanctions are being imposed on innocent civilians of the country. There are no medical facilities to allow recovery from alien bombs and fire. Children are being killed every day. Women are sexually assaulted. Iraqis are being beaten, wrongly imprisoned and killed by the minute. The country is constantly under attack by missiles and bombs that are released from the air. How are Muslims in this care required to fight? Suicide bombing here is reflected as a need to curb attacks upon innocent people. The Islamic Fiqh Academy affiliated to the OIC, in its fourteenth session, held in Duha (Qatar) 5–13 Dhul-Qi`dah1423 A. H., 11–16 January 2003 C. E. states: The Islamic Fiqh Academy stresses that martyr operations are a form of jihad, and carrying out those operations is a legitimate right that has nothing to do with terrorism or suicide. Those operations become obligatory when they become the only way to stop the aggression of the enemy, defeat it, and grievously damage its power. According to a fatwa issued by Sheikh Faysal Mawlawi, deputy head of the European Council of Fatwa and Research (ECFR), not only are these suicide bombers unassociated with suicide, they are neither terrorists. In fact, these suicide bombers are known as martyrs: those who risk their lives in defense of their country, property, family, and foremost, religion. It is not befitting for a suicide bomber in this context to be condemned. Allah Ta’ala narrates: â€Å"And spend of your substance in the cause of Allah, and make not your own hands contribute to (your) destruction; but do good; for Allah loveth those who do good,† (Baqarah: 195). In the case of Palestine, civilians suffer from displacement of their own kind to aggressive occupation. Such occupation has been in operation for years on end. All Israeli civilians who are occupation of Palestine, are seen as oppressors. In this case, Sheikh Faysal Mawlawi stresses that the demise of non-aggressive Israelis through suicide bombing also constitutes martyrdom and not terrorism. He continues to state that though Muslims should target military personnel over the lay-civilian, every Israeli who is living in hostility on Palestinian land should also be removed as they themselves continue to violate Muslims right to Holy land and to the Holy Masjid of Al-Aqsa. According to Sheikh Faysal, Muslims should retaliate the way they are too, being attacked, and in this case, attacked with great injustice. â€Å"If ye punish, then punish with the like of that wherewith ye were afflicted. â€Å"(An-Nahl: 126). Muslims living in the West Just because the Islamic Fiqh Academy defines suicide bombing as an act or martyrdom and does not associate it with terrorism or suicide, Muslims in countries that do not live under the realm of war, are not entitled to exploit the ruling. Muslims are not allowed to cause harm to other people, regardless of their faith, who are not oppressing Muslim brothers or sisters. On the contrary, Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, head of the European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR), and the president of the International Association of Muslim Scholars (IAMS) advises that all Muslims are to act in full kindness and convey the beautiful message of Islam to the best of their ability. Muslims in the West are not allowed to cause destruction in their country of residence, even though Muslim brothers and sisters fall victim to hands of violence. Muslims living under peaceful conditions should take full advantage to speak up on unfair dealings through interfaith dialogues, charity runs, neighbourhood gatherings and through other social events. Muslims should not resort to violence when there is none surrounding them. â€Å"O you who believe! Stand out firmly as Allah’s witnesses to fair dealing, and let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from justice. Be just: that is next to piety and fear Allah. And Allah is well acquainted with all that you do. † (al-Ma’idah: 8) This whole world is made by God. Anything that exists in this world is also made by God. We all are made by God and for God. God has made this earth on which we are living, and the sky. He sends rain to the earth. He has created different kinds of fruits for us to eat like grapes, dates, mango, banana, orange, apple, papaya, pineapple, custard apple and many more. He also created different kinds of vegetables for us to eat like onion, spinach, tomatoes, lemon, carrot, cabbage, cauliflower, ginger, garlic etc. Then He also created different kinds of meat that we eat like chicken, beef, mutton, fish etc. There are also other many different kinds of food we eat, unlimited and uncountable on this earth. Can we live without water? It is created by our Lord. We need water to drink, we need water to grow vegetables, fruits, rice, wheat and other plants. We need water to cook food, we need water to clean ourselves, we need water to clean our houses, wash clothes, wash dishes and then there are much more uses of water. We on this earth can’t live without water. It’s a fact and we known this fact. This water is created by our God so that we can survive on this earth. That is, we cannot survive if there will be no water on this world. This means that we are really and solely dependent on our Lord for His mercy on us, we cannot live or survive without our Lord and His mercy. Can we live without air and oxygen? It is also given to us by our Creator, our Lord. God has sent to us on this world for some purpose in life. He has created all these things and shown His mercy on us for some reason. There is some valid genuine reason for which we sent to this world. We’re not created purpose less. How can we know our purpose in this life then? We can only know this by His books, He has sent to us and learning from His prophets. After sending us to this world God hasn’t left us alone in darkness. From His book we know that when He expelled Adam from paradise, He told Him, â€Å"Go down to earth, and some of you will be enemy of others, and you will live there for small period of time, then you’ll have to come back to me one day. I’ll keep sending you my commandments, whoever will obey me, I’ll take him to paradise, and whoever will deny me and reject my commandments, I’ll reject him and take him to hell. † (Al-Quran, The Cow) From these lines now we know that our purpose of existence is only and only for God. We’re not only created by God but for God. He said in His book, â€Å"I’ve created mankind to worship me and to recognize me. † (Al-Quran) God has created all these things for us on which we’re dependent like food, water, earth only and only to submit to our Lord. We should show our respect to God, be dutiful to Him and become His obedient. Muslims should not be overbearing upon non-Muslims and force them to understand Islam. Lecturing and preaching to followers of other faith must always be done with tact. A more effective method of da’wa would be to lead by action through constructive community projects and general amiable behaviour. Muslims who resort to suicide bombing in countries that do not harbour war, are not considered as martyrs. In fact, they have committed suicide and in turn, have also killed innocent civilians. â€Å"Let therebe no compulsion [or coercion] in the religion [Islam]. The right direction is distinctly clear from error. † (Baqarah: 256) Killing other people just as a form of expression, or rather to merely make a point, is not a trait of a Muslim. â€Å"Allah forbiddeth you not those who warred not against you on account of religion and drove you not out from your homes, that ye should show them kindness and deal justly with them. Lo ! Allah loveth the just dealers. † (Al-Mumtahanah: 8) Different hadith from Prophet Mohammad (salalaho alaihay wasalam) also stresses the same view that suicide is not permitted and extremely prohibited in Islam. References 1. Http://www. inter-islam. org/prohibitions/suicide. html 2. www. therevivial. co. uk 3. www. readingislam. com 4. www. islam. about. com 5. www. submission. org 6. www. islamonline. net.